- 1. What is Internet?
- 2. What is Broadband?
- 3. What is WISP?
- 4. What is Broadband Internet?
- 5. What is Wi-Fi
- 6. What is LAN?
- 7. Какво да правя ако нямам интернет?
- 8. Какво да правя ако имам проблеми с връзката?
- 9. Гръмотевичните бури заплаха ли са за компютъра и интернета ми?
- 10. Тегля с 16 kbytes/ps, а ми казаха 128 kbits/ps, проблем ли има?
- 11. Свалям бавно/страницата ми се отваря бавно
- 12. Не ми зарежда страница/сървър/програма
- 13. Какво да правя ако въпроса ми го няма тук?
- 14. What is IP Adress?
1. What is Internet?
The Internet is a worldwide, publicly accessible series of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It is a “network of networks” that consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government networks, which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked web pages and other resources of the World Wide Web.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet”
2. What is Broadband?
Broadband in data communications may have the same meaning as above, so that data transmission over a fiber optic cable would be referred to as broadband as compared to a telephone modem operating at 600 bits per second.
However, broadband in data communications is frequently used in a more technical sense to refer to data transmission where multiple pieces of data are sent simultaneously to increase the effective rate of transmission, regardless of actual data rate. In network engineering this term is used for methods where two or more signals share a medium.
The various forms of Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) services are broadband in the sense that digital information is sent over a high-bandwidth channel above the baseband voice channel on a single pair of wires.
A baseband transmission sends one type of signal using a medium’s full bandwidth, as in 100BASE-T Ethernet. Ethernet, however, is the common interface to broadband modems such as DSL data links, and has a high data rate itself, so is sometimes referred to as broadband. Ethernet provisioned over cable modem is a common alternative to DSL.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband”
3. What is WISP?
Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISPs) are internet service providers with networks built around wireless networking. Technology used range from commonplace Wi-Fi mesh networking or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900MHz and 2.4GHz bands or licensed frequencies in the UHF or MMDS bands.
WISPs often they offer additional services, like location based content, Virtual Private Networking and Voice over IP. Isolated municipal ISPs and larger state-wide initiatives alike are tightly focused on wireless networking.
WISP’s are predominantly in rural environments where cable and digital subscriber lines are not available. WiMax is expected to become mainstream in the near future, bringing with it dramatic changes to the marketplace by increasing the number of interoperable equipment on the market and making mobile data transmission feasible, increasing the utility of such networks in rural environments. However, high-bandwidth wireless backhauls are already common in major cities, providing levels of bandwidth previously only available through expensive fibre optic connections.
Typically, the way that a WISP operates is to pull a large and usually expensive point to point connection to the center of the area they wish to service. From here, they will need to find some sort of elevated point in the region, such as a radio or water tower, on which to mount their equipment. On the consumers side, they will mount a small dish to the roof of their home and point it back to the WISP’s dish. When operating over the tightly limited range of the heavily populated 2.4ghz band, as nearly all 802.11-based WiFi providers do, it is not uncommon to also see access points mounted on light posts and customer buildings.
Since it is difficult for a single service provider to build an infrastructure that offers global access to its subscribers, roaming between service providers is encouraged by the Wi-Fi Alliance with the WISPr protocol. WISPr is a set of recommendations approved by the alliance which facilitate inter-network and inter-operator roaming of Wi-Fi users. Modern wireless technology has comparable latency to other terrestrial broadband networks.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Internet_Service_Provider”
4. What is Broadband Internet?
Broadband Internet access, often shortened to just “broadband”, is high speed Internet access—typically contrasted with dial-up access over modem.
Dial-up modems are generally only capable of a maximum bitrate of 56 kbit/s (kilobits per second) and require the full use of a telephone line—whereas broadband technologies supply at least double this speed and generally without disrupting telephone use.
Although various minimum speeds have been used in definitions of broadband, ranging up from 64 kbit/s up to 1.0 Mbit/s, the OECD Broadband Statistics report is typical in counting only download speeds equal to or faster than 256 kbit/s as broadband, and the US FCC use 200 kbit/s in their definition.
Speeds are defined in terms of maximum download because several common consumer broadband technologies such as ADSL are “asymmetric” – supporting much slower upload speeds than download.
“Broadband penetration” is now treated as a key economic indicator.
Broadband is often called high-speed Internet, because it usually has a high rate of data transmission. In general, any connection to the customer of 256 kbit/s (0.256 Mbit/s) or more is considered broadband Internet. The International Telecommunication Union Standardization Sector (ITU-T) recommendation I.113 has defined broadband as a transmission capacity that is faster than primary rate ISDN, at 1.5 to 2 Mbit/s. The FCC definition of broadband is 200 kbit/s (0.2 Mbit/s) in one direction, and advanced broadband is at least 200 kbit/s in both directions. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has defined broadband as 256 kbit/s in at least one direction and this bit rate is the most common baseline that is marketed as “broadband” around the world. There is no specific bitrate defined by the industry, however, and “broadband” can mean lower-bitrate transmission methods. Some Internet Service Providers (ISPs) use this to their advantage in marketing lower-bitrate connections as broadband.
In practice, the advertised bandwidth is not always reliably available to the customer; ISPs often allow a greater number of subscribers than their backbone connection can handle, under the assumption that most users will not be using their full connection capacity very frequently. This aggregation strategy works more often than not, so users can typically burst to their full bandwidth most of the time; however, peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing systems, often requiring extended durations of high bandwidth, stress these assumptions, and can cause major problems for ISPs who have excessively overbooked their capacity. For more on this topic, see traffic shaping. As takeup for these introductory products increases, telcos are starting to offer higher bit rate services. For existing connections, this most of the time simply involves reconfiguring the existing equipment at each end of the connection.
As the bandwidth delivered to end users increases, the market expects that video on demand services streamed over the Internet will become more popular, though at the present time such services generally require specialized networks. The data rates on most broadband services still do not suffice to provide good quality video, as MPEG-2 video requires about 6 Mbit/s for good results. Adequate video for some purposes becomes possible at lower data rates, with rates of 768 kbit/s and 384 kbit/s used for some video conferencing applications, and rates as low as 100 kbit/s used for videophones using H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. The MPEG-4 format delivers high-quality video at 2 Mbit/s, at the high end of cable modem and ADSL performance.
Increased bandwidth has already made an impact on newsgroups: postings to groups such as alt.binaries.* have grown from JPEG files to entire CD and DVD images. According to NTL, the level of traffic on their network increased from a daily inbound news feed of 150 gigabytes of data per day and 1 terabyte of data out each day in 2001 to 500 gigabytes of data inbound and over 4 terabytes out each day in 2002.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_Internet_access”
5. What is Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi (pronounced wye-fye), also unofficially known as Wireless Fidelity, is a wireless technology brand owned by the Wi-Fi Alliance intended to improve the interoperability of wireless local area network products based on the IEEE 802.11 standards.
Common applications for Wi-Fi include Internet and VoIP phone access, gaming, and network connectivity for consumer electronics such as televisions, DVD players, and digital cameras.
Wi-Fi Alliance is a consortium of separate and independent companies agreeing to a set of common interoperable products based on the family of IEEE 802.11 standards. Wi-Fi certifies products via a set of established test procedures to establish interoperability. Those manufacturers that are members of Wi-Fi Alliance whose products pass these interoperability tests can mark their products and product packaging with the Wi-Fi logo.
Main article: Wi-Fi Technical Information
According to the brand style guide of the Wi-Fi Alliance (the owner of the Wi-Fi brand):
Products which successfully pass the Wi-Fi Alliance testing may use the Wi-Fi CERTIFIED brand. The Alliance tests and certifies the interoperability of wireless LAN products based on the IEEE 802.11 standards. Studies show that 88% of consumers prefer products that have been tested by an independent organization.
Wi-Fi technologies have gone through several generations since their inception in 1997. Wi-Fi is supported to different extents under Microsoft Windows, Apple Macintosh and open source Unix and Linux operating systems. Contrary to popular belief, Wi-Fi is not an abbreviation for “Wireless Fidelity” (see “Origin and meaning of the term “Wi-Fi” below).
A Wi-Fi enabled device such as a PC, game console, cell phone, MP3 player or PDA can connect to the Internet when within range of a wireless network connected to the Internet. The area covered by one or more interconnected access points is called a hotspot. Hotspots can cover as little as a single room with wireless-opaque walls or as much as many square miles covered by overlapping access points. Wi-Fi can also be used to create a mesh network. Both architectures are used in community networks.[citation needed]
Wi-Fi also allows connectivity in peer-to-peer (wireless ad-hoc network) mode, which enables devices to connect directly with each other. This connectivity mode is useful in consumer electronics and gaming applications.
When the technology was first commercialized there were many problems because consumers could not be sure that products from different vendors would work together. The Wi-Fi Alliance began as a community to solve this issue so as to address the needs of the end user and allow the technology to mature. The Alliance created the branding Wi-Fi CERTIFIED to show consumers that products are interoperable with other products displaying the same branding.
Many consumer devices use Wi-Fi. Amongst others, personal computers can network to each other and connect to the Internet, mobile computers can connect to the Internet from any Wi-Fi hotspot, and digital cameras can transfer images wirelessly.
Routers which incorporate a DSL or cable modem and a Wi-Fi access point are often used in homes and other premises, and provide Internet access and internetworking to all devices connected wirelessly or by cable into them. Devices supporting Wi-Fi can also be connected in ad-hoc mode for client-to-client connections without a router.
Business and industrial Wi-Fi is widespread as of 2007. In business environments, increasing the number of Wi-Fi access points provides redundancy, support for fast roaming and increased overall network capacity by using more channels or creating smaller cells. Wi-Fi enables wireless voice applications (VoWLAN or WVOIP). Over the years, Wi-Fi implementations have moved toward ‘thin’ access points, with more of the network intelligence housed in a centralized network appliance, relegating individual Access Points to be simply ‘dumb’ radios. Outdoor applications may utilize true mesh topologies. As of 2007 Wi-Fi installations can provide a secure computer networking gateway, firewall, DHCP server, intrusion detection system, and other functions.
In addition to restricted use in homes and offices, Wi-Fi is publicly available at Wi-Fi hotspots provided either free of charge or to subscribers to various providers. Free hotspots are often provided by businesses such as hotels, restaurants, and airports who offer the service to attract or assist clients. Sometimes free Wi-Fi is provided by enthusiasts, or by organizations or authorities who wish to promote business in their area. Metropolitan-wide WiFi (Mu-Fi) already has more than 300 projects in process.
Wi-Fi allows LANs to be deployed without cabling for client devices, typically reducing the costs of network deployment and expansion. Spaces where cables cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wireless LANs.
As of 2007 wireless network adapters are built into most modern laptops. The price of chipsets for Wi-Fi continues to drop, making it an economical networking option included in ever more devices. Wi-Fi has become widespread in corporate infrastructures, which also helps with the deployment of RFID technology that can piggyback on Wi-Fi.[2]
Different competitive brands of access points and client network interfaces are inter-operable at a basic level of service. Products designated as “Wi-Fi Certified” by the Wi-Fi Alliance are backwards inter-operable. Wi-Fi is a global set of standards. Unlike mobile telephones, any standard Wi-Fi device will work anywhere in the world.
Wi-Fi is widely available in more than 250,000 public hotspots and tens of millions of homes and corporate and university campuses worldwide. WPA is not easily cracked if strong passwords are used and WPA2 encryption has no known weaknesses. New protocols for Quality of Service (WMM) make Wi-Fi more suitable for latency-sensitive applications (such as voice and video), and power saving mechanisms (WMM Power Save) improve battery operation.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi”
6. What is LAN?
A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a small geographic area, like a home, office, or group of buildings. The defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast to Wide Area Networks (WANs), include their much higher data transfer rates, smaller geographic range, and lack of a need for leased telecommunication lines.
Ethernet over unshielded twisted pair cabling, and Wi-Fi are the two most common technologies currently, but ARCNET, Token Ring and many others have been used in the past.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network”
7. Какво да правя ако нямам интернет?
Проверете настройките си, мрежовия кабел и рестартирайте компютъра. Ако сте сигурни, че проблема не е при вас, веднага се обадете на посочените в контактите телефони. От взаимен интерес е да знаем когато имате проблем и е важно да го знаем на време.
8. Какво да правя ако имам проблеми с връзката?
Проверете компютъра си за вируси, проверете дали някоя програма не осъществява трафик без Ваше знание. Проверете във форума дали няма съобщение за локален, генерален проблем или профилактика. Ако не откриете такава тема се обадете на нашите телефони. Форумът се използва само за въпроси, не за техническа поддръжка.
9. Гръмотевичните бури заплаха ли са за компютъра и интернета ми?
Да, и не само за компютъра и интернета, а за всички елекрически уреди. Защото най-голямата опасност при гръмотевичните бури е опасността от пренапрежение по електрическата мрежа и на второ място индуцираното по мрежовия кабел статично напрежение. Взели сме мерки за вашата защита, но въпреки тези защити те лесно се преудоляват от електричеството и по-сигурно от това да е спряна цялата мрежа няма (за това няма интернет по време на гръмотевична буря). Още със започване на бурята и първите гръмотевици вие трябва да изключите вашия компютър (и Wireless устройство) от електрическата мрежа, като извадите мрежовия кабел от вашата мрежова карта. След спиране на гръмотевичната буря изчакайте няколко часа и се уверете, че няма други гръмотевици и чак тогава можете да включите вашия компютър (и Wireless устройство), като вкарате обратно мрежовия кабел във вашата мрежова карта. Ако след напълното преминаване на гръмотевичната буря и изчакването от няколко часа няма интернет се обадете на нашите телефони, за да съобщите за възникнала повреда. Ако не сте спазили инструкциите за безопасност възможно е да имате трайни повреди по вашия компютър и заради това да нямате интернет. Важно е да знаете, че ако не опазите компютъра си по време на гръмотевична буря гаранцията за него не важи.
10. Тегля с 16 kbytes/ps, а ми казаха 128 kbits/ps, проблем ли има?
Не, вие теглите напълно с максимума на скоростта, която сме ви казали. Това, което трябва да знаете, е че 1 kbyte се равнява на 8 kbits. Т.е. 16 kbytes са точно 128 kbits. Повечето програми за сваляне показват скоростта в kbytes/ps и точно това предизвиква смущение у вас. Умножате скоростта показана на програмата за сваляне по 8 и получавате скоростта в kbits/ps. Същото се отнася и за mbytes/ps и mbits/ps, 1 mbyte/ps = 8 mbits/ps.
11. Свалям бавно/страницата ми се отваря бавно
Скоростта на сваляне зависи и от самата страница, от която сваляте файла. Ако интернет капацитета на страницата е малък, колкото и да е вашата скорост, вие ще отваряте бавно страницата. Ако теглите от някоя p2p програма много често самите потребители ограничават умишлено тяхната скорост да не забавят собствения си интернет или тяхната скорост е много по-ниска от вашата.
12. Не ми зарежда страница/сървър/програма
Опитайте да отворите няколко други страници/сървъри/програми ако и те не се зареждат се обадете на нашите телефони, ако те се зареждат най-вероятно самата страница/сървър/програма има някакъв проблем или профилактика. Ако проблема продължава да съществува се обърнете за помощ към нас.
13. Какво да правя ако въпроса ми го няма тук?
Можете да посетите нашия форум и зададете вашия въпрос в категорията проблеми свързани с мрежата. Или се обадете на нашите телефони.
14. What is IP Adress?
An IP address (Internet Protocol address) is a unique address that certain electronic devices use in order to identify and communicate with each other on a computer network utilizing the Internet Protocol standard (IP)-in simpler terms, a computer address. Any participating network device-including routers, switches, computers, infrastructure servers (e.g., NTP, DNS, DHCP, SNMP, etc.), printers, Internet fax machines, and some telephones-can have their own address that is unique within the scope of the specific network. Some IP addresses are intended to be unique within the scope of the global Internet, while others need to be unique only within the scope of an enterprise.
An IP address provides details of the internet provider that provides the internet access, it does not refer to an individual computer. For example, if you change your service provider for the internet – your IP address will change.
In other words, the IP address acts as a locator for one IP device to find another and interact with it. It is not intended, however, to act as an identifier that always uniquely identifies a particular device.
An IP address can also be thought of as the equivalent of a street address or a phone number (compare: VoIP (voice over (the) internet protocol)) for a computer or other network device on the Internet. Just as each street address and phone number uniquely identifies a building or telephone, an IP address can uniquely identify a specific computer or other network device on a network. An IP address differs from other contact information, however, because the linkage of a user’s IP address to his/her name is not publicly available information.
Further, an IP address is not necessarily linked, in a persistent way, to a physical location or even data link layer address. In the past, an IP address could be considered a unique identifier of a particular IP host, in addition to being a locator. When it was usable as an identifier, it was static, and it was assumed to be globally unique from end to end of the Internet.
In current practice, an IP address is less likely to be an identifier, due to technologies such as:
* Dynamic assignment, as with an address that is assigned by the access device by which the user’s host connects over a dialup telephone line or by a set-top box for an IP over cable network. However the network provider maintains a database of which IP address was assigned to which access port on dialup, or MAC address on LANs or broadband networks. This information, assuming it is available to the investigator, may help to identify the computer, although that is unlikely if it was a dialup connection where the identifier is of the dial-in port, not the computer itself. More extensive forensic work, with access to telephone records, may identify the calling telephone, although that may itself be a “cutout” on the way to the real telephone.
* Network address translation (or NAT), a feature common on gateway routers in corporate networks or home LANs, where the address visible to the Internet is the “outside” of a device that maps it to a completely different and hidden address on the “inside”. See IP Address Translation, below.
A machine may be connected to millions of other machines across the internet. There is no single cable connecting all those computers, but there is a logical connection as defined by the Internet Protocol (IP).
Postal mail provides an analogy for how the transfer of data across the internet is organized. Letters are not delivered by a single central post office covering an entire country, based on street address alone, as the total volume of letters would make this impractical. Instead, letters are delivered to thousands of local post offices based on ZIP code, which then complete the delivery based on street address; local mail is received and delivered by a single local office, while long-distance mail is transferred from one local office to another. Similarly, internet data packets are delivered to local servers based on a network mask (part of the IP address), which then complete the delivery based on the full IP address.
Just as each house has a unique street address, so each machine on the internet has a unique IP address. The first part of the IP address is the network mask; this is comparable to writing a street address as “95061.Main_Street.42″ (where 95061 is the ZIP code, Main Street is the street, and 42 is the house number on that street).
A network host uses the network ID and host ID to determine which packets it should either receive or ignore, and to determine that only nodes with the same network ID will accept each other’s IP-level broadcasts. Because the IP address of the sender is included with all outgoing IP packets, the receiving computer can use subnet masks to determine the packet’s source.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address”
